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I have 'glassed many webbing loop anchors into composite canoes. The same procedure would work fine for a stripper.
First, to secure flotation there is really no need to add a D ring to the webbing loop. The D ring just adds weight and might eventually tarnish or rust. A D ring can be useful to reduce friction is you want to run a strap through it that needs to be able to slide.
I would suggest fraying the ends of your webbing loop. Put the webbing on a scrap wood block and use a razor blade or utility knife to make closely spaced longitudinal slits in an inch or so length at each end of the webbing loop. Fan the frayed end out into a semi-circle when you epoxy it in place.
I have always covered my webbing loop anchors with a layer of fiberglass. If they are epoxied in well, the loops would probably hold OK without the 'glass but I suspect you can get a smoother result if you cover the loop ends with 'glass.
Using peel ply or mold release fabric is pretty easy. Some cloth sold as peel ply is treated with a release agent and this can be left in place and removed even after the epoxy is cured, or nearly so. Untreated thin nylon cloth can also be used as peel ply but this will need to be pulled off while the epoxy is still green or it can be difficult to get off. If the cloth is untreated, timing is the key to removal. You need to wait long enough for the epoxy to be cured enough so that the underlying 'glass fibers are not lifted and displaced by the removal of the ply. Obviously, treated cloth is easier to use.
To use peel ply wet out your fiberglass (or other cloth) as usual and then cover it with a piece of peel ply cut a bit larger. Avoid wrinkles or pleats in the peel ply. Use a plastic squeege to work all air bubbles out from under the peel ply. Sometimes you have to add a little more epoxy over the peel ply to get all the air bubbles out as the peel ply will absorb some resin. The peel ply allows one to get a much smoother edge one the cloth patch without sanding. Peel ply does leave a matte texture to the cloth which does not look bad, but it you want a completely smooth surface you will need to add another coat of epoxy or resin to smooth the texture after the peel ply is pulled.
This photo should give you some idea of what webbing loop anchors covered with fiberglass look like. The red anchors are nylon webbing loops with the ends frayed and splayed: